Definition and Examples of Irish English

Irish English is a variety of the English language that is used in Ireland. Also known as Hiberno-English or  Anglo-Irish. As illustrated below, Irish English is subject to regional variation, especially between the north and south. In Ireland, said  Terence Dolan, Hiberno-English means that you have two languages in a kind of unruly shotgun marriage together, fighting all the time (quoted by  Carolina P. Amador Moreno in How the Irish Speak English, Estudios Irlandeses, 2007). Examples and Observations R. Carter and J. McRae: Irish (or Hiberno-English) has distinctive varietal features of pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, although patterns vary considerably between North and South and East and West. In grammar, for example, . . . I do be is a habitual present tense and the form after is used in Irish English to record a completed act or to express recency: thus, theyre after leaving has the meaning of they have just left. Raymond Hickey: [A]lthough the knowledge of Irish among the majority is, in general, very poor, there is a curious habit of flavouring ones speech by adding a few words from Irish, what is sometimes called using the cà ºpla focal (Irish couple of words) . . ..Sugaring of ones language with Irish words must be distinguished from genuine loans from Irish. Some of these are long attested such as colleen Irish girl, leprechaun garden gnome, banshee fairy woman, all part of sentimental Irish folklore. Northern Irish English Diarmaid Ó Muirithe: I’m afraid rural dialects in the south carry a stigma of being unacceptable to educated people, whereas in the North I have heard doctors, dentists, teachers and lawyers lace their speech with either Ulster Scots or Northern Irish English. Examples of Northern Irish English: Seamus Heaney has written of glar, soft liquid mud, from the Irish glà ¡r; glit, meaning ooze or slime (glet is more common in Donegal); and daligone, meaning nightfall, dusk, from daylight gone. I have [heard] daylight-falling, day-fall, dellit fall, duskies and duskit, also from Derry. Southern Irish English Michael Pearce: Some well know known characteristics of the grammar of southern Irish English include the following: 1) Stative verbs can be used with progressive aspect: Im seeing it very well; This is belong to me. 2) The adverb after can be used with a progressive where a perfective would be used in other varieties: Im after seeing him (Ive just seen him). This is a loan translation from Irish. 3) Clefting is common, and it is extended to use with copular verbs: It was very well that he looked; Is it stupid you are? Again, this shows a substrate effect from Irish. New Dublin English Raymond Hickey: The changes in  Dublin English  involve both  vowels  and  consonants. While the consonant changes seem to be individual changes, those in the area of vowels represent a coordinated shift which has affected several elements. . . . To all appearances this started about 20 years ago (mid 1980s) and has continued to move along a recognisable trajectory. In essence, the change involves a retraction of  diphthongs  with a low or back starting point and a raising of low back vowels. Specifically, it affects the diphthongs in the PRICE/PRIDE and CHOICE  lexical sets  and the monophthongs in the LOT and THOUGHT lexical sets. The vowel in the GOAT lexical set has also shifted, probably as a result of the other vowel movements.

Major Constraints on Small Business in Zimbabwe - 1819 Words

Introduction It is an undeniable fact that small business has become a crucial part of the business environment of any country. What is the small business? A small business is owned and operated privately, and it has a few employees and a small volume of sales. Depending on the countries and industry, the legal definition of small is usually different. In Australia, â€Å"a small business is defined by the Fair Work Act 2009 as one with fewer than 15 employees†( Fair Work Act 2009). Even thought individual small business only creates a small number of position for unemployed people, the quantity of various small businesses is enormous. They together can provide a lot of positions and play a significant role in the economy. The small†¦show more content†¦Thirdly, the corruption arouses the national unrest and economic instability, which creates an instable investment environment for those small businesses. As Mangwende puts its, â€Å"Critics this week told The Financial Gazett e that Zimbabwe’s rating will further deter investors because no-one in their right senses would want to invest in a country whose future is uncertain†(Mangwende 2003). Sub-section 2. Constraint from inflation The inflation in Zimbabwe is another significant issue that affects the growth of small businesses. The inflation situation is very severe as we can learn from the following facts. â€Å"Zimbabwe is the first country in the 21st century to hyper inflate. In February 2007, Zimbabwe’s inflation rate topped 50% per month, the minimum rate required to qualify as a hyperinflation (50% per month is equal to a 12,875% per year)† (Hanke 2009). In 2007, International Monetary Fund (IMF) reckon of 150,000%. From the central Statistical Office of Zimbabwe estimated the inflation rate is 231,000,000% and the central bank issued the 100 billion dollar note in 2008 as indicated in the Table below. During 2009, the Mugabe regime undergo the biggest inflation crisis that is the second worst inflation in the history and then the central bank issued $100 trillion banknote. The price is doubling in every 1.5 days. â€Å"How bad is inflation in Zimbabwe? Well, consider this: at a superma rket near the centre of this tatterdemalion capital, toilet paper costsShow MoreRelatedHistorical Background Of Manufacturing Smes1217 Words   |  5 Pagesbackground of manufacturing SMEs in Zimbabwe. The other issues to be highlighted and discussed include problem statement, purpose or justification of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, research hypothesis, significance of the study, research assumptions, scope or delimitations of the study, ethical considerations and a summary. 1.2 Background to the study (60) Small to medium enterprises (SMEs) have become increasingly important to Zimbabwe s economic growth. 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History in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example For Students

History in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay American History in, To Kill a Mockingbird.The book, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, has many different relations to American history. The book shows good examples of racism, working life, church, and many other things. The book takes place sometime in the 1930s. Its about two children named Jem and Scout. They are very imaginative kids always making up new games and other things to pass the time. In the beginning of the book they are obsessed with one of their neighbors, Boo Radley. They think that Boo is a crazy man that killed his parents. Jem, Scout, and their cousin, Dill, decide to go up and see if they can see what is going on inside the Radley house. Once they get up to the house they hear a noise and run off, but Jem loses his pants of a fence wire. The entire first part of the book is all about the kids trying to find out all about the Radleys. The second part of the book is about Atticus (Scout and Jems father) defending a black man named Tom Robinson in court. Tom was accused of beating and raping a nineteen year old girl named Mayella. This is the section of the book with the most examples of American history. Everybody in the town of Maycomb looks down on Atticus because he is defending a black man in court. All evidence in the case shows Tom Robinson innocent, but he is still charged guilty because of the all white jury. The actual rapist was Mayellas father. In the end of the book, Tom is shot so that he wouldnt be found innocent. The part of the book that involves the most American history is the court case where Tom Robinson is found guilty just because he is black. There have been many similar cases to the Tom Robinson trial during this time in history. Most black men would have a very slim chance of being found innocent just because of their race, and the white majority. Another good example of American history in To Kill a Mockingbird, is the way the churches were run. The white people would go to their church every Sunday and worship much like the people do today. The real American history is in the black church. In the black church, very few of the people had the ability to read, so they didnt have any hymn books. One person would start singing a hymn and the entire church would stand up and join in, singing and clapping. The people in the black church during that time were always looking out for each other. In the book, when Tom Robinson was in jail, the black church began collecting money to help support his family while he was away. If they didnt collect enough money the first time the tray was passed around, it would keep going around till the goal was met. These are some of the big relations between Harper Lees, To Kill a Mockingbird, and real American history. It was a good book, and very accurately written to the actual American history. Bibliography:

Outline and Evaluate Msm Essay Example

Outline and Evaluate Msm Essay Psychology Outline and evaluate the multi-store model The MSM was created by Atkinson and Shiffrin  (1968) who suggested that memory was comprised of three separate stores. They were; sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory. The model shows how information is transferred between the three stores. The model simply shows that when your are given information of environmental stimuli it will enter your sensory memory and only if you pay attention will it enter your short term memory, which has a capacity of 7+/- 2 bits of information. The information can last up to 18 seconds, without rehearsal. STM is encoded mainly acoustically, however sometimes it is done visually. If maintenance rehearsal takes place it will remain in STM or be forgotten due to displacement or decay. Elaborative rehearsal will transfer information into LTM which has unlimited capacity and can last a lifetime. LTM is encoded mainly semantically. The retrieval of information from LTM to STM can happen when needed. This model is a linear model because the information just passes through the model one way. A particular strength of this model is that it is high in ecologically validity and therefore can be applied to everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and Evaluate Msm specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and Evaluate Msm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and Evaluate Msm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A good example is the case study of H. M. who had brain surgery to cure severe epilepsy but this resulted in the inability to transfer information from STM to LTM so that he could not form long term memories, supporting the concept that the MSM is not a unitary model. Another example is the lab experiment of Glanzer and Cuntiz (1966) who found that participants who were asked to remember lists of words could remember the first and last few words but the ones in the middle were more difficult. This would show that the first words in the list have been stored in LTM whereas the last words are still in STM. A weakness of this model is that the scientific evidence which supports this model lacks validity because it is carried out as a lab experiment. This is an artificial environment and the participants have to remember information which isn’t important to remember in everyday life e. g. trigrams. Another weakness of this model is that it is a much too simply explained because it explains STM and LTM however hardly describes them as fixed structures and does not take into account that there are different types of them e. g. for LTM the different types of structures are procedural or episodic.